Effects of skim milk concentrate dry matter and spray drying air temperature on formation of capsules with varying particle size and the survival microbial cultures in a microcapsule matrix

The impact of total solid (TS) content in combination with the feed rate and air inlet temperature on the survival of Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei F19 after spray drying in a skim milk matrix has been investigated and correlated with the capsule size. Depending on the experimental conditions, the survival rates ranged from 64 to 0.2%. The higher the air inlet temperature, the lower was the survival rate and an inversely correlation between the TS content and particle size has been determined. These results clearly indicate that process stress analyses and product-related characteristics must not be regarded separately.     

金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管中总剂量效应导致的阈值电压漂移研究现状

为了研发可用于核与辐射应急响应与准备的机器人,对比了多种具有不同结构和生产工艺的金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(MOSFET)由于总剂量效应(TID)导致的阈值电压漂移(ΔV_th)。注意到了栅宽和栅长对器件耐辐射能力的影响在体CMOS器件和纳米线(NW)MOSFET器件之间、高的和低的工艺节点之间的不同,并从辐射诱导的窄通道效应(RINCE)和辐射诱导的短通道效应(RISCE)两方面解释了这种区别的原因。发现近年来前沿的一些研究在考虑辐射效应时,修正了负偏压不稳定性(NBTI)的影响。并讨论了几种新型器件包括锗沟道、氮化镓沟道管和具有特殊几何布局的晶体管。此外,介绍了计算机辅助设计技术(TCAD)在几种新型场效应管的机理研究和建模验证中的应用。     

Extreme Energetic Materials at Ultrahigh Pressures

Owing to their extremely high energy density, single-bonded polymeric nitrogen and atomic metallic hydrogen are generally regarded as the ultimate energetic materials. Although their syntheses normally require ultrahigh pressures of several hundred gigapascals (GPa), which prohibit direct materials application, research on their stability, metastability, and fundamental properties are valuable for seeking extreme energetic materials through alternative synthetic routes. Various crystalline and amorphous polymeric nitrogens have been discovered between 100 and 200 GPa. Metastability at ambient conditions has been demonstrated for some of these phases. Cubic-gauche and black-phosphorus polymorphs of single-bonded nitrogen are two particularly interesting phases. Their large hystereses warrant further application-inspired basic research of nitrogen. In contrast, although metallic hydrogen contains the highest-estimated energy density, its picosecond lifetime and picogram quantity make its practical material application impossible at present. “Metallic hydrogen” remains a curiosity-driven basic research pursuit focusing on the pressure-induced evolution of the molecular hydrogen crystal and its electronic band structure from a low-density insulator with a very wide electronic band gap to a semiconductor with a narrow gap to a dense molecular metal and atomic metal and eventually to a previously unknown exotic state of matter. This great experimental challenge is driving relentless advancement in ultrahigh-pressure science and technology.     

不同有机物对硝酸盐氮测试的影响

研究了红糖、葡萄糖、乙酸钠、甲醇、乙醇、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、正戊酸、混合有机溶剂等10种不同有机物对麝香草酚光谱法和离子色谱法测试硝酸盐氮的影响。结果表明,溶液中含有红糖或葡萄糖时,均会对麝香草酚法测试硝酸盐氮造成影响,使得测试结果偏大;在无硝酸根离子存在时,红糖和葡萄糖的质量浓度与硝酸盐氮的测试浓度非线性相关;而乙酸钠、甲醇、乙醇、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、正戊酸和混合有机溶剂则对麝香草酚法测试硝酸盐氮没有影响。实验发现,红糖和葡萄糖在浓硫酸的作用下与麝香草酚发生Molisch反应,形成有色复合物和红棕色不溶性沉淀。实验采用离子色谱法测试硝酸盐氮时,红糖和葡萄糖等糖类有机物对测试结果均无影响。     

集成式铁基质生物膜反应器自养反硝化深度脱氮

以污水厂处理水为研究对象，采用铁基质生物载体与生物膜耦合实现高效自养反硝化脱氮。考察停留时间（HRT）对系统脱氮效能的影响，通过动力学及微生物群落结构分析，揭示耦合技术的脱氮机理。结果表明：HRT为8 h，对一级A和一级B污水厂处理水，总氮(TN)平均去除率分别为95.41%和92.55%，TN处理负荷分别为0.48 kg TN/(m³·d）和0.58 kg TN/(m³·d），硝化过程氨氮(NH₄⁺-N)饱和常数分别为1.17 mg/L和0.72 mg/L，反硝化过程硝氮(NO₃^--N)饱和常数分别为0.87 mg/L和0.67 mg/L。出水水质分别达到《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类、Ⅴ类水质标准。铁基质生物载体与生物膜耦合系统中微生物优势菌属为Maritimimonas、Rhodobacter和Sphaerotilus, 均为自养反硝化菌，证实了铁基质生物载体可为自养反硝化菌提供电子，实现生物自养反硝化脱氮。     

Feasibility of CANON process for treating nitrogenous wastewater containing heavy metals

The appearance of heavy metals in wastewater brings a major burden to wastewater treatment plants, due to the high toxicity to microorganisms. Several commonly used heavy metals, including Zn(II), Cd(II), Hg(II), and Pb(II) were adopted to clear the individual and joint toxicity to the completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process in six sequencing batch reactors. The obtained results suggested that the nitrogen removal performances were transiently inhibited, but rapidly recovered. The restoration period under the stress of Hg(II) and Pb(II) was shorter than that under Zn(II), Cd(II), and the joint heavy metals. During the long-term exposure, Cd(II) in 1mg L⁻¹ slightly inhibited the nitrogen removal, while Zn(II), Hg(II), Pb(II), and mixture showed a negligible impact on CANON process. The defense of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), the good adaptability of functional bacteria, and the inducement of resistant genera by heavy metals all contributed to the robustness and stability of CANON process. Therefore, it is feasible to treat nitrogenous wastewater containing low heavy metals using CANON process. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

GH3535合金的表面改性

GH3535镍基合金的硬度仅为200HV左右,不能达到超高温熔盐液下轴承要求的400HV以上的硬度。为此,对GH3535合金进行了不同的表面改性处理,包括渗硼、喷丸预变形后渗硼和氮-硼复合渗。试验结果表明:960℃和980℃渗硼的GH3535合金的表面硬度约700HV0.1,渗层深度为0.10~0.12mm;预变形后渗硼的GH3535合金的表面硬度稍低于单一渗硼的合金,约为650HV0.1,但渗层深度比单一渗硼的合金增加了约0.02mm;氮-硼复合渗GH3535合金的表面硬度与单一渗硼的合金相当,约为700HV0.1,渗层深度达0.16mm。     

Recovery of vinyl chloride from by-streams of polyvinyl chloride production by TPSA in a multitubular adsorber

This work aims at developing an efficient and feasible adsorption-based separation process for the separation of vinyl chloride and nitrogen, on activated carbon, by employing a multitubular packed bed geometry, with adsorbent material inside the tubes. Using this geometry, a 2-dimensional mathematical model of a temperature pressure swing adsorption process was used to developed a 6-step three multitubular adsorbers system capable of separating and purifying an industrial scale gas stream of a 40:60% (v/v) vinyl chloride/nitrogen mixture into a 95% (v/v) vinyl chloride stream and a nitrogen stream with a vinyl chloride limit concentration of 8 ppm (w/w). The process reported energy consumption of 4.88 × 10⁶ J/kg_VCM and recovery capacity of 24.35 kg_VCM/(m³_unit h). The multitubular geometry enabled the use of lower adsorbent loads, shorter cycle times, and lower regeneration temperatures. An equivalent 1-dimensional model has also shown to satisfactorily estimate the performance of the current equipment.     

氮氩气流量比对磁控溅射氮化钛薄膜微观结构的影响

采用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)研究了氮气流量(5、10、25、50 sccm)及氮氩气流量比(4∶1、3∶2、2∶3、1∶4)对磁控溅射TiN薄膜微观形貌和相组成的影响。结果显示,所得样品具有纳米级TiN薄膜的基本特征。当N2与Ar的总流量为5 sccm,而它们的流量比为4∶1时,可以制得品质较好的蓝紫色TiN薄膜。